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Humans started to live in Peru as early as 9000 BC. Norte Chico civilization (3000-1800 BC) is the oldest known advanced society in Peru. This was followed by the cultures of the Mochica, Paracas, Chavin, Wari, Nazca, and Chimu. During the 15th century, the Incas began building a powerful state, and by 16th century, they emerged as Pre-Columbian America's biggest empire.
In 1532, conquistador Francisco Pizarro defeated the Incas' emperor, Atahualpa. This started the Spanish rule in Peru.
During the 19th century, revolutionaries Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin sparked the move for independence of Latin America. This lead to total independence in the nation and to the formation of the Peruvian republic. Nevertheless, from the 19th century onwards, Peru faces many problems, from wars and coups, to corruption and drug trafficking.