Indonesia History

The finding of the "Java Man" suggests that Indonesia was inhabited two million to 500,000 years ago. Since the arrival of the Austronesian people from Taiwan, trade has fundamentally shaped Indonesian history.

In the 7th century, the powerful Srivijaya kingdom flourished through trade, which brought in Buddhism and Hinduism influences to the country. The 13th-century Hindu Majapahit Kingdom in Java is considered a "Golden Age" in Indonesian history as during which, much of Indonesia prospered and many grand temples were constructed. During this time, Islam also began spreading across the countries, starting in Sumatra. Soon, Islam became the dominant religion in Indonesia.

In 1522, the first Europeans arrived in the country. They were Portuguese traders who sought to monopolize the Spice Trade in Maluku. Dutch and British traders followed. The Dutch then established the Dutch East Indies Company, extending colonial control over Indonesia. Japanese invasion during World War II ended Dutch rule and helped encourage independence movements in the land.

After Japan surrender in August 1945, Sukarno, an influential nationalist leader, declared independence and was seated as the first president. The Netherlands tried to reestablish its rule, but it was bitterly opposed in an armed struggle. From a democratic government, Sukarno shifted to authoritarianism called the "New Order," which is fiercely opposed by various groups up to this day. Sukarno was then replaced by Suharto as president.