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Cizvilization in Kazakhstan was started in 500 BC by the nomadic warrior tribes of the Huns and Sakas. It then became part of the Khorazm Empire that was destroyed by the barbaric Mongols led by the legendary Genghis Khan in 1219. After the Mongols' fall, it was replaced by the Kazakh Khanate in 1456 which became the basis of the future republic. In 1731, it was annexed by the Russian Empire, eventually becoming the state in the Soviet Union. After the fall of communism, the country finally gained its independence in 1991.