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Early Brazilians are thought to descend from Siberia. They are believed to have crossed the Bering Land Bridge at the end of the Ice Age around 9000 BC. In 1500, when the Portuguese arrived in Brazil, the Amerindians have populated the land and divided into tribes, described by the Portuguese as "semi-nomadic" and "noble savages."
In 1808, the Portuguese court escaped from Napoleon's troops who invaded Portugal. The court established an empire in Rio De Janeiro from 1808 to 1815. After a series of political struggles and disputes, Brazil finally achieved its independence from Portugal on September 7, 1822. In October 1822, Dom Pedro became Brazil's first emperor. Three years later, Portugal recognized Brazil's independence.
In 1889, the empire was brought down by a coup d'état, giving way to a present-day republic.